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Tasirin microstructure akan tsari na zanen bakin karfe babban damuwa ne ga injiniyoyin ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Domin austenitic karfe, kasancewar nakasawa martensite (\({\alpha}^{\prime))\) -martensite) a cikin microstructure yana haifar da gagarumin hardening da raguwa a cikin tsari. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi niyya don kimanta tsarin ƙarfe na AISI 316 tare da ƙarfin martensitic daban-daban ta hanyoyin gwaji da basirar wucin gadi. A mataki na farko, an goge karfen AISI 316 mai kauri na farko na 2mm kuma an juye sanyi zuwa kauri daban-daban. Daga baya, an auna yankin martensite dangi ta hanyar gwajin ƙarfe. An ƙididdige ƙirar zanen gadon da aka yi birgima ta amfani da gwajin fashewar hemisphere don samun zane mai iyaka (FLD). Ana amfani da bayanan da aka samu a sakamakon gwaje-gwajen don horarwa da gwada tsarin tsoma baki na wucin gadi na neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS). Bayan horarwar ANFIS, an kwatanta manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da aka kwatanta da sabon saitin sakamakon gwaji. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mirgina sanyi yana da mummunan tasiri a kan tsari na irin wannan nau'in bakin karfe, amma ƙarfin takardar yana inganta sosai. Bugu da ƙari, ANFIS yana nuna sakamako mai gamsarwa idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin gwaji.
Da ikon samar da takarda karfe, ko da yake batun kimiyya articles shekaru da dama, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa yanki na bincike a metallurgy. Sabbin kayan aikin fasaha da ƙirar ƙididdigewa suna ba da sauƙi don nemo yuwuwar abubuwan da ke shafar tsari. Mafi mahimmanci, an bayyana mahimmancin microstructure don iyakar siffar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta amfani da Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM). A gefe guda, kasancewar sikanin microscopy na lantarki (SEM) da rarrabuwar wutar lantarki (EBSD) yana taimaka wa masu bincike su lura da ƙananan ayyukan sifofi na kristal yayin nakasawa. Fahimtar tasirin matakai daban-daban a cikin karafa, girman hatsi da daidaitawa, da lahani na microscopic a matakin hatsi yana da mahimmanci ga tsinkayar tsari.
Ƙayyadaddun tsari a cikin kansa wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa, kamar yadda aka nuna tsari ya dogara sosai akan hanyoyi 1, 2, 3. Saboda haka, ra'ayi na al'ada na ƙaddamarwa na ƙarshe ba su da aminci a ƙarƙashin yanayin kaya mara kyau. A gefe guda, yawancin hanyoyin lodi a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu ana rarraba su azaman lodin da bai dace ba. Dangane da wannan, ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin hemispherical na al'ada da gwaji na Mariniak-Kuchinsky (MK)4,5,6 tare da taka tsantsan. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani ra'ayi, Fracture Limit Diagram (FFLD), ya ja hankalin injiniyoyi da yawa. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, ana amfani da ƙirar lalacewa don tsinkayar ƙirar takarda. Dangane da wannan, 'yancin kai na hanya an fara haɗa shi a cikin bincike kuma sakamakon yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da sakamakon gwaji mara nauyi7,8,9. Formability na takarda karfe ya dogara da sigogi da yawa da tarihin aiki na takardar, da kuma akan microstructure da lokaci na karfe10,11,12,13,14,15.
Dogaro da girma yana da matsala yayin la'akari da ƙananan sifofi na karafa. An nuna cewa, a cikin ƙananan wurare na lalacewa, dogara ga kaddarorin girgizawa da buckling ya dogara da tsayin sikelin kayan16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, 28,29,30. An dade ana gane tasirin girman hatsi akan tsari a cikin masana'antar. Yamaguchi da Mellor [31] sun yi nazarin tasirin girman hatsi da kauri a kan kaddarorin ƙwanƙwasa na zanen ƙarfe ta amfani da nazarin ka'idar. Yin amfani da samfurin Marciniac, sun bayar da rahoton cewa a ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyin nauyin biaxial, raguwa a cikin rabo daga kauri zuwa girman hatsi yana haifar da raguwa a cikin kayan haɓaka na takarda. Sakamakon gwaji na Wilson et al. 32 ya tabbatar da cewa rage kauri zuwa matsakaicin diamita na hatsi (t/d) ya haifar da raguwar haɓakar biaxial na zanen ƙarfe na kauri daban-daban guda uku. Sun yanke shawarar cewa a cikin ƙimar t / d ƙasa da 20, rashin daidaituwa na lalacewar lalacewa da wuyan ƙima galibi suna shafar kowane nau'in hatsi a cikin kauri na takardar. Ulvan da Koursaris33 sun yi nazarin tasirin girman hatsi a kan gabaɗayan injina na 304 da 316 austenitic bakin karafa. Suna bayar da rahoton cewa girman waɗannan karafa ba ya shafar girman hatsi, amma ana iya ganin ƙananan canje-canje a cikin kaddarorin masu ƙarfi. Girman girman hatsi ne ke haifar da raguwar halayen ƙarfin waɗannan karafa. Tasirin daɗaɗɗen ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan nickel yana nuna cewa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe ne, ba tare da la'akari da girman hatsi34 ba. Ma'amalar hatsi da daidaitawar farko kuma suna da babban tasiri akan juyin halitta na aluminium, wanda Becker da Panchanadiswaran suka bincika ta amfani da gwaje-gwaje da ƙirar ƙira na crystal plasticity35. Sakamakon ƙididdiga a cikin binciken su yana cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da gwaje-gwaje, kodayake wasu sakamakon simintin sun karkata daga gwaje-gwaje saboda iyakancewar yanayin iyakokin da aka yi amfani da su. Ta hanyar nazarin ƙirar filastik kristal da ganowa ta gwaji, zanen gadon alumini na birgima yana nuna nau'ikan tsari36. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ko da yake maƙallan damuwa na zanen gado daban-daban sun kasance kusan iri ɗaya, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a tsarin su dangane da ƙimar farko. Amelirad da Assempour sun yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje da CPFEM don samun matsananciyar damuwa don zanen bakin karfe austenitic37. Kwaikwayonsu sun nuna cewa haɓakar girman hatsin yana motsawa sama a cikin FLD, yana samar da iyakacin iyaka. Bugu da ƙari, mawallafa guda ɗaya sun binciki tasirin haɓakar hatsi da ilimin halittar jiki akan samuwar ɓoyayyen 38.
Baya ga ilimin halittar hatsi da daidaitawa a cikin bakin karfe na austenitic, yanayin tagwaye da matakan sakandare kuma yana da mahimmanci. Twinning shine babban hanyar yin tauri da haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfe na TWIP 39. Hwang40 ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin samar da karafa na TWIP ba shi da kyau duk da isassun martani mai ƙarfi. Duk da haka, ba a yi cikakken nazarin tasirin tagwaye na nakasawa a kan haɓakar zanen ƙarfe na austenitic ba. Mishra et al. 41 sun yi karatun austenitic bakin karafa don lura da tagwaye a ƙarƙashin hanyoyi daban-daban na damuwa. Sun gano cewa tagwaye za su iya samo asali ne daga ruɓar tushen tagwaye biyu da aka kashe da kuma sabon ƙarni na tagwaye. An lura cewa mafi girma tagwaye suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na biaxial. Bugu da kari, an lura cewa canjin austenite zuwa \({\alpha}^{^{\prime}}\) -martensite ya dogara ne akan hanyar damuwa. Hong et al. 42 yayi bincike kan tasirin tagwaye da martensite da aka haifar akan hydrogen embrittlement akan kewayon yanayin zafi a zaɓin narkewar Laser na 316L austenitic karfe. An lura cewa, dangane da zafin jiki, hydrogen zai iya haifar da gazawa ko inganta tsarin karfe na 316L. Shen et al. 43 da gwaji ya auna ƙarar nakasar martensite ƙarƙashin ɗora nauyi a nau'ikan lodi daban-daban. An gano cewa karuwa a cikin ƙwanƙwasawa yana ƙara yawan juzu'in juzu'i na martensite.
Ana amfani da hanyoyin AI a cikin kimiyya da fasaha saboda iyawarsu wajen tsara matsaloli masu rikitarwa ba tare da yin amfani da tushe na zahiri da lissafi na matsalar44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52 Yawan hanyoyin AI yana ƙaruwa. . Moradi et al. 44 sun yi amfani da dabarun koyon injin don inganta yanayin sinadarai don samar da barbashi na nanosilica mafi kyau. Sauran kaddarorin sinadarai kuma suna tasiri kaddarorin kayan nanoscale, waɗanda aka bincika a cikin labaran bincike da yawa53. Ce et al. 45 ta yi amfani da ANFIS don tsinkayar ƙirar ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na mirgina. Saboda jujjuyawar sanyi, ɗumbin rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfe ya ƙaru sosai. Ƙarfe na fili na carbon ya bambanta da bakin karfe austenitic a cikin hanyoyin ƙarfafa su da dawo da su. A cikin ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon, canje-canjen lokaci ba sa faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe. Bugu da kari ga karfe lokaci, da ductility, karaya, machinability, da dai sauransu na karafa su ma suna shafar da dama sauran microstructural siffofin da faruwa a lokacin daban-daban na zafi magani, sanyi aiki, da kuma tsufa54,55,56,57,58,59 ,60. , 61, 62. Kwanan nan, Chen et al. 63 yayi nazari akan tasirin mirgina sanyi akan tsari na karfe 304L. Sun yi la'akari da abubuwan lura da abubuwan mamaki kawai a cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaji don horar da hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyi don tsinkayar tsari. A gaskiya ma, a cikin yanayin austenitic bakin karfe, abubuwa da yawa sun haɗu don rage abubuwan da ke cikin takarda. Lu et al.64 sunyi amfani da ANFIS don lura da tasirin sigogi daban-daban akan tsarin fadada rami.
Kamar yadda aka yi magana a taƙaice a cikin bita na sama, tasirin ƙananan ƙirar akan zane mai iyaka ya sami ɗan kulawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen. A gefe guda kuma, dole ne a yi la'akari da yawancin fasalulluka. Sabili da haka, yana da kusan ba zai yiwu ba a haɗa duk abubuwan microstructural a cikin hanyoyin nazari. A wannan ma'anar, yin amfani da hankali na wucin gadi na iya zama da amfani. Dangane da wannan, wannan binciken yana bincikar tasirin wani bangare na abubuwan microstructural, wato kasancewar martensite da ke haifar da damuwa, akan tsarin zanen bakin karfe. Wannan binciken ya bambanta da sauran nazarin AI dangane da tsari a cikin abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan fasalulluka na microstructural maimakon kawai na gwaji na FLD. Mun nemi kimanta tsarin ƙarfe na 316 tare da abubuwan da ke cikin martensite daban-daban ta amfani da hanyoyin gwajin gwaji da na wucin gadi. A mataki na farko, an goge karfe 316 mai kauri na farko na mm 2 kuma an juye sanyi zuwa kauri daban-daban. Sa'an nan, ta yin amfani da sarrafa metallographic, an auna yankin dangi na martensite. An ƙididdige ƙirar zanen gadon da aka yi birgima ta amfani da gwajin fashewar hemisphere don samun zane mai iyaka (FLD). An yi amfani da bayanan da aka karɓa daga gare shi daga baya don horarwa da gwada tsarin tsoma baki na wucin gadi (ANFIS). Bayan horarwar ANFIS, ana kwatanta tsinkayar hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi da sabon saitin sakamakon gwaji.
Takardun ƙarfe na bakin karfe 316 austenitic da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin binciken yanzu yana da sinadari kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 1 da kauri na farko na 1.5 mm. Annealing a 1050 ° C na awa 1 sannan ruwa yana kashewa don sauƙaƙa damuwa a cikin takardar da samun microstructure iri ɗaya.
Ana iya bayyana microstructure na austenitic karfe ta amfani da etchants da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun etchants shine 60% nitric acid a cikin ruwa mai tsabta, wanda aka tsara a 1 VDC don 120 s38. Koyaya, wannan ƙari yana nuna iyakokin hatsi kawai kuma ba zai iya tantance iyakokin hatsi biyu ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1a. Wani abu mai mahimmanci shine glycerol acetate, wanda za'a iya ganin iyakokin tagwaye da kyau, amma iyakokin hatsi ba su kasance ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto 1b. Bugu da ƙari, bayan an canza yanayin austenitic metastable a cikin \ ({\ alpha }^{^{\prime}}\) -martensite lokaci ana iya gano shi ta amfani da glycerol acetate da dai sauransu, wanda ke da sha'awar binciken na yanzu.
Microstructure na karfe farantin karfe 316 bayan annealing, nuna ta daban-daban etchants, (a) 200x, 60% \({\mathrm{HNO}}_{3}\) a cikin distilled ruwa a 1.5 V na 120 s, da (b) 200x , glyceryl acetate.
An yanke zanen gadon da aka rufe a cikin zanen gado 11 cm fadi da 1 m tsayi don mirgina. Tushen mirgina sanyi yana da juzu'i biyu masu ma'ana tare da diamita na 140 mm. Tsarin mirgina sanyi yana haifar da canjin austenite zuwa nakasar martensite a cikin bakin karfe 316. Neman rabo na martensite lokaci zuwa austenite lokaci bayan sanyi mirgina ta daban-daban kauri. A kan fig. 2 yana nuna samfurin ƙananan tsarin ƙarfe na takarda. A kan fig. 2a yana nuna hoton ƙarfe na samfurin birgima, kamar yadda ake kallo daga madaidaicin madaidaicin takardar. A kan fig. 2b ta amfani da software na ImageJ65, ɓangaren martensitic yana haskaka da baki. Yin amfani da kayan aikin wannan buɗaɗɗen software, ana iya auna yanki na ɓangaren martensite. Tebur na 2 yana nuna cikakkun ɓangarorin matakan martensitic da austenitic bayan mirgina zuwa raguwa daban-daban a cikin kauri.
Microstructure na takardar 316 L bayan mirgina zuwa raguwar 50% a cikin kauri, ana kallon shi daidai da jirgin saman takardar, girman sau 200, glycerol acetate.
An samo ƙimar da aka gabatar a cikin Tebura 2 ta hanyar ƙididdige ma'auni na ɓangarorin martensite akan hotuna uku da aka ɗauka a wurare daban-daban akan samfurin ƙarfe iri ɗaya. Bugu da kari, a cikin fig. 3 yana nuna madaidaicin madaidaicin madauri don ƙarin fahimtar tasirin mirgina sanyi akan martensite. Ana iya ganin cewa akwai kusan daidaitawar layi tsakanin rabon martensite da raguwar kauri a cikin yanayin sanyi. Duk da haka, dangantaka ta quadratic zata iya wakiltar wannan dangantaka mafi kyau.
Bambanci a cikin rabo na martensite a matsayin aikin raguwar kauri yayin jujjuyawar sanyi na takardar karfe 316 da aka fara ruɗe.
An ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari bisa ga tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen fashe na hemisphere37,38,45,66. Gabaɗaya, an ƙirƙira samfuran shida ta hanyar yankan Laser tare da ma'aunin da aka nuna a cikin siffa 4a azaman saitin samfuran gwaji. Ga kowace jiha na juzu'in martensite, an shirya samfuran gwaji guda uku kuma an gwada su. A kan fig. 4b yana nuna samfurori da aka yanke, goge, da alamomi.
Nakazima gyare-gyare yana iyakance girman samfurin da yankan allo. (a) Girma, (b) Yanke da alamar samfuri.
An yi gwajin naushi na hemispherical ta hanyar amfani da latsa na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa mai saurin tafiya na 2 mm/s. Fuskokin tuntuɓar naushin da takardar suna da mai da kyau don rage tasirin gogayya akan ƙayyadaddun iyaka. Ci gaba da gwaji har sai an ga an sami raguwa ko raguwa a cikin samfurin. A kan fig. 5 yana nuna samfurin da aka lalata a cikin na'urar da samfurin bayan gwaji.
An ƙayyade iyakar siffa ta amfani da gwajin fashe na hemispherical, (a) gwajin gwaji, (b) farantin samfurin a lokacin hutu a cikin injin gwajin, (c) samfurin iri ɗaya bayan gwaji.
Tsarin neuro-fuzzy wanda Jang67 ya haɓaka shine kayan aiki mai dacewa don ƙayyadadden tsinkayar tsinkayar tsinkayar ganye. Wannan nau'in cibiyar sadarwa na wucin gadi na wucin gadi ya haɗa da tasirin sigogi tare da cikakkun bayanai. Wannan yana nufin cewa za su iya samun kowace ƙima ta gaske a cikin filayensu. Ana kara rarraba darajar irin wannan gwargwadon ƙimar su. Kowane rukuni yana da nasa dokoki. Misali, ƙimar zafin jiki na iya zama kowace lamba ta gaske, kuma dangane da ƙimarta, ana iya rarraba yanayin yanayin sanyi, matsakaici, dumi, da zafi. Game da wannan, alal misali, ka'idar yanayin zafi shine tsarin "sa jaket", kuma ka'idar yanayin zafi shine "isa T-shirt". A cikin ma'ana mai ban mamaki da kanta, ana kimanta fitarwa don daidaito da aminci. Haɗuwa da tsarin sadarwar jijiyoyi tare da ma'ana mai ban mamaki yana tabbatar da cewa ANFIS zai samar da sakamako mai dogara.
Hoto na 6 da Jang67 ya bayar yana nuna hanyar sadarwa mai saurin ruɗi. Kamar yadda aka nuna, hanyar sadarwa tana ɗaukar bayanai guda biyu, a cikin bincikenmu shigarwar ita ce ma'auni na martensite a cikin microstructure da darajar ƙananan ƙwayar cuta. A matakin farko na bincike, ƙimar shigarwar sun ɓace ta amfani da ƙa'idodi masu banƙyama da ayyukan membobin (FC):
Don \(i=1, 2\), tunda an ɗauka cewa shigarwar tana da nau'i biyu na bayanin. MF na iya ɗaukar kowane nau'in triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian, ko kowane nau'i.
Dangane da nau'ikan \({A}_{i}\) da \({B}_{i}\) da kuma ƙimar su ta MF a matakin 2, ana ɗaukar wasu ƙa'idodi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 7. A cikin wannan Layer, tasirin abubuwan shigarwa daban-daban an haɗa su ko ta yaya. Anan, ana amfani da ƙa'idodi masu zuwa don haɗa tasirin juzu'in martensite da ƙananan ƙima:
Fitar \({w}_{i}\) na wannan Layer ana kiranta ƙarfin kunnawa. An daidaita waɗannan ƙarfin ƙonewa a cikin Layer 3 bisa ga alaƙa mai zuwa:
A cikin Layer 4, dokokin Takagi da Sugeno67,68 suna cikin lissafin don la'akari da tasirin ƙimar farko na sigogin shigarwa. Wannan Layer yana da alaƙa kamar haka:
Sakamakon \({f}_{i}\) yana shafar madaidaitan dabi'u a cikin yadudduka, wanda ke ba da sakamako na ƙarshe, babban ƙimar warp:
inda \(NR\) ke wakiltar adadin dokoki. Matsayin cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi a nan shine yin amfani da ingantaccen haɓakawa na ciki don gyara sigogin cibiyar sadarwar da ba a san su ba. Matsalolin da ba a san su ba su ne sigogin da aka samo asali \(\hagu\{{p}_{i}, {q}_{i}, {r}_{i}\right\}\), da ma'aunin da ke da alaƙa da MF ana la'akari da aikin sifar chimes gaba ɗaya:
Siffofin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sifofi sun dogara da sigogi da yawa, daga abun da ke tattare da sinadaran zuwa tarihin nakasar ƙarfe. Wasu sigogi suna da sauƙin ƙididdigewa, gami da sigogin gwajin tensile, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun hanyoyin kamar ƙayyadaddun ƙarfe ko ƙaddarar damuwa. A mafi yawan lokuta, yana da kyau a gudanar da gwajin iyaka ga kowane rukuni na takarda. Koyaya, wasu lokuta ana iya amfani da wasu sakamakon gwajin don ƙididdige iyakar siffa. Misali, da yawa karatu sun yi amfani da tensile gwajin sakamakon domin sanin takardar formability69,70,71,72. Sauran nazarin sun haɗa da ƙarin sigogi a cikin binciken su, irin su kauri na hatsi da girman 31,73,74,75,76,77. Koyaya, ba shi da fa'ida a cikin lissafi don haɗa duk sigogin da aka yarda. Don haka, yin amfani da ƙirar ANFIS na iya zama hanya mai ma'ana don magance waɗannan batutuwa45,63.
A cikin wannan takarda, an bincika tasirin abun ciki na martensite akan ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙarfe na austenitic 316. Dangane da wannan, an shirya saitin bayanai ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaji. Tsarin da aka haɓaka yana da nau'ikan shigarwa guda biyu: adadin martensite da aka auna a cikin gwaje-gwajen ƙarfe da kewayon ƙananan nau'ikan injiniyoyi. Sakamakon shine babban nakasar injiniya na ƙayyadaddun iyaka. Akwai nau'ikan ɓangarorin martensitic iri uku: lafiya, matsakaici da manyan juzu'i. Low yana nufin cewa rabon martensite bai wuce 10%. A karkashin matsakaicin yanayi, rabon martensite ya fito daga 10% zuwa 20%. Babban darajar martensite ana ɗaukar su juzu'i na sama da 20%. Bugu da ƙari, nau'in na biyu yana da nau'i daban-daban guda uku tsakanin -5% da 5% kusa da axis na tsaye, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ƙayyade FLD0. Kyawawan jeri da korau sune sauran nau'ikan biyu.
Ana nuna sakamakon gwajin hemispherical a cikin FIG. Hoton yana nuna zane-zane 6 na iyakoki, 5 daga cikinsu sune FLD na zanen gadon birgima. An ba da madaidaicin aminci da babban madaidaicin iyakarsa wanda ke samar da iyakacin iyaka (FLC). Adadin ƙarshe ya kwatanta duk FLCs. Kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga adadi na ƙarshe, karuwa a cikin rabo na martensite a cikin 316 austenitic karfe yana rage tsari na takarda. A gefe guda, haɓaka rabon martensite a hankali yana juya FLC zuwa madaidaicin lankwasa game da axis na tsaye. A cikin jadawali biyu na ƙarshe, gefen dama na lanƙwasa ya dan kadan sama da hagu, wanda ke nufin cewa tsari a cikin tashin hankali na biaxial ya fi girma a cikin tashin hankali uniaxial. Bugu da kari, duka ƙanana da manyan nau'ikan injiniyoyi kafin wuyan wuya sun ragu tare da haɓaka adadin martensite.
316 kafa iyaka lankwasa. Tasirin rabon martensite akan tsari na zanen karfe austenitic. (Ma'anar aminci SF, Ƙirar Ƙirar Ƙarfafa FLC, Martensite M).
An horar da cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi akan nau'ikan 60 na sakamakon gwaji tare da ɓangarorin martensite na 7.8, 18.3 da 28.7%. An tanadi saitin bayanai na 15.4% martensite don tsarin tabbatarwa da 25.6% don tsarin gwaji. Kuskuren bayan zamanin 150 shine kusan 1.5%. A kan fig. 9 yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ainihin fitarwa (\({\epsilon }_{1}\), aikin injiniya na asali) da aka bayar don horo da gwaji. Kamar yadda kuke gani, NFS da aka horar sun annabta \({\epsilon} _{1}\) mai gamsarwa ga sassan ƙarfe.
(a) Daidaita tsakanin tsinkaya da ƙimar gaske bayan tsarin horo, (b) Kuskure tsakanin tsinkaya da ƙimar gaske don babban nauyin injiniya akan FLC yayin horo da tabbatarwa.
A wani lokaci yayin horo, babu makawa ana sake yin amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta ANFIS. Don ƙayyade wannan, ana yin rajistan layi ɗaya, wanda ake kira "check". Idan ƙimar kuskuren tabbatarwa ta karkata daga ƙimar horo, hanyar sadarwar zata fara sake horarwa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 9b, kafin zamanin 150, bambamcin darasin koyo da tabbatarwa kadan ne, kuma suna bin kusan lankwasa guda. A wannan lokaci, kuskuren tsarin tabbatarwa ya fara karkata daga tsarin ilmantarwa, wanda alama ce ta wuce gona da iri na ANFIS. Don haka, cibiyar sadarwar ANFIS na zagaye na 150 an kiyaye shi tare da kuskuren 1.5%. Sannan an gabatar da hasashen FLC na ANFIS. A kan fig. 10 yana nuna tsinkaya da ainihin tsinkaya don samfurori da aka zaɓa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin horo da tabbatarwa. Tun da aka yi amfani da bayanan daga waɗannan lanƙwasa don horar da hanyar sadarwa, ba abin mamaki ba ne a lura da tsinkaya sosai.
Ainihin gwajin gwaji na FLC da ANFIS masu lankwasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin abun ciki na martensite daban-daban. Ana amfani da waɗannan lanƙwasa a cikin tsarin horo.
Samfurin ANFIS bai san abin da ya faru da samfurin ƙarshe ba. Don haka, mun gwada ƙwararrun ANFIS ɗinmu don FLC ta hanyar ƙaddamar da samfurori tare da juzu'in martensite na 25.6%. A kan fig. 11 yana nuna hasashen ANFIS FLC da gwajin FLC. Matsakaicin kuskure tsakanin ƙimar da aka annabta da ƙimar gwaji shine 6.2%, wanda shine mafi girma fiye da ƙimar da aka annabta yayin horo da tabbatarwa. Koyaya, wannan kuskuren kuskure ne mai jurewa idan aka kwatanta da sauran binciken da ke hasashen FLC a ka'idar37.
A cikin masana'antu, ana kwatanta sigogin da ke shafar tsari a cikin nau'i na harshe. Misali, "kayan hatsi yana rage tsari" ko "ƙarin aikin sanyi yana rage FLC". Shigarwa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar ANFIS a matakin farko an kasaftasu zuwa nau'ikan harshe kamar ƙananan, matsakaici da babba. Akwai dokoki daban-daban don nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban akan hanyar sadarwa. Saboda haka, a cikin masana'antu, irin wannan nau'in hanyar sadarwa na iya zama da amfani sosai wajen haɗa abubuwa da yawa a cikin bayanin harshe da bincike. A cikin wannan aikin, mun yi ƙoƙarin yin la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin microstructure na austenitic bakin karfe don amfani da damar ANFIS. Adadin martensite da ke haifar da damuwa na 316 shine sakamakon kai tsaye na aikin sanyi na waɗannan abubuwan da aka saka. Ta hanyar gwaji da bincike na ANFIS, an gano cewa ƙara yawan martensite a cikin irin wannan nau'in bakin karfe na austenitic yana haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin FLC na farantin karfe 316, don haka ƙara yawan martensite daga 7.8% zuwa 28.7% yana rage raguwa. FLD0 daga 0.35. har zuwa 0.1 bi da bi. A gefe guda, cibiyar sadarwa ta ANFIS da aka horar da kuma ingantacciya na iya yin hasashen FLC ta amfani da 80% na bayanan gwaji da ake da su tare da matsakaicin kuskure na 6.5%, wanda shine gefen kuskure mai karɓuwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin ka'idoji da alaƙar abubuwan mamaki.
Rubutun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da/ko aka yi nazari a cikin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga mawallafa bisa ga buƙatu mai ma'ana.
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Lokacin aikawa: Juni-08-2023