Yin amfani da gilashin bakin ciki ya yi alkawarin cika ayyuka daban-daban a cikin masana'antar gine-gine. Baya ga fa'idodin muhalli na ingantaccen amfani da albarkatu, masu ginin gine-gine na iya amfani da gilashin bakin ciki don cimma sabbin digiri na 'yancin ƙira. Dangane da ka'idar sanwici, gilashin bakin ciki mai sassauƙa za a iya haɗa shi tare da buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen tantanin halitta polymer 3D don samar da tsauri da nauyi.
abubuwa masu haɗaka. Wannan labarin yana gabatar da yunƙurin bincike na ƙirƙira na dijital na ɓangarorin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki ta amfani da mutummutumi na masana'antu. Yana bayyana manufar digitizing masana'anta-zuwa-masana'antu workflows, ciki har da kwamfuta-taimaka zane (CAD), injiniya (CAE), da kuma masana'antu (CAM). Binciken yana nuna tsarin ƙirar ƙira wanda ke ba da damar haɗakar da kayan aikin bincike na dijital.
Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsari yana nuna yuwuwar da ƙalubalen ƙera ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki na dijital. An yi bayanin wasu matakan masana'anta da hannun mutum-mutumi na masana'antu, kamar masana'anta masu girma-girma, injinan saman, manne da tafiyar matakai, a nan. A ƙarshe, a karo na farko, an sami zurfin fahimtar kayan aikin injiniya na bangarori masu haɗaka ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da ƙididdiga da ƙima na kayan aikin injiniya na bangarori masu haɗaka a ƙarƙashin lodin saman. Gabaɗayan ra'ayi na ƙira na dijital da ƙirƙira ayyukan aiki, da kuma sakamakon binciken gwaji, suna ba da tushe don ƙarin haɗakar ma'anar sifa da hanyoyin bincike, da kuma gudanar da babban binciken injina a cikin karatun gaba.
Hanyoyin kera dijital suna ba mu damar haɓaka samarwa ta hanyar canza hanyoyin gargajiya da samar da sabbin damar ƙira [1]. Hanyoyin gine-gine na al'ada suna yin amfani da kayan fiye da kima dangane da farashi, ainihin lissafi, da aminci. Ta hanyar motsa gine-gine zuwa masana'antu, ta yin amfani da kayan aiki na zamani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa don aiwatar da sababbin hanyoyin ƙira, ana iya amfani da kayan da kyau ba tare da lalata aminci ba. Ƙirƙirar dijital tana ba mu damar faɗaɗa tunanin ƙirar mu don ƙirƙirar ƙarin nau'ikan siffofi, inganci da ƙima. Duk da yake tsarin ƙira da ƙididdiga an ƙirƙira su da yawa, masana'anta da haɗawa har yanzu ana yin su da hannu ta hanyoyin gargajiya. Don jimre wa rikitattun tsare-tsare na kyauta, hanyoyin samar da dijital suna ƙara zama mahimmanci. Sha'awar 'yanci da ƙirar ƙira, musamman ma idan yazo da facades, yana girma a hankali. Baya ga tasirin gani, facades masu kyauta kuma suna ba ku damar ƙirƙirar ingantattun sifofi, misali, ta amfani da tasirin membrane [2]. Bugu da ƙari, babban yuwuwar hanyoyin samar da dijital ya ta'allaka ne akan ingancin su da yuwuwar haɓaka ƙirar ƙira.
Wannan labarin yana bincika yadda za'a iya amfani da fasahar dijital don ƙira da kera wani sabon facade na facade wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin ƙirƙira ƙirƙira ta polymer da ginshiƙan gilasai na waje. Baya ga sabbin damar gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa da amfani da gilashin bakin ciki, ƙa'idodin muhalli da tattalin arziƙi kuma sun kasance mahimman abubuwan motsa jiki don yin amfani da ƙarancin kayan gini don gina ambulan ginin. Tare da sauyin yanayi, ƙarancin albarkatu da hauhawar farashin makamashi a nan gaba, dole ne a yi amfani da gilashin da hankali. Yin amfani da gilashin bakin ciki ƙasa da 2 mm lokacin kauri daga masana'antar lantarki yana sa facade haske da rage amfani da albarkatun kasa.
Saboda babban sassaucin gilashin bakin ciki, yana buɗe sabon damar don aikace-aikacen gine-gine kuma a lokaci guda yana haifar da sababbin ƙalubalen injiniya [3,4,5,6]. Yayin da aiwatar da ayyukan facade na yanzu ta amfani da gilashin bakin ciki yana da iyaka, ana ƙara yin amfani da gilashin bakin ciki a aikin injiniyan farar hula da nazarin gine-gine. Saboda girman ƙarfin gilashin bakin ciki zuwa nakasar roba, amfani da shi a cikin facades yana buƙatar ƙarfafa tsarin tsarin [7]. Baya ga yin amfani da tasirin membrane saboda lankwasa lissafi [8], lokacin inertia kuma za a iya ƙara shi ta hanyar tsarin multilayer wanda ya ƙunshi ainihin polymer da takardar gilashin bakin ciki mai manne. Wannan tsarin ya nuna alƙawarin saboda amfani da madaidaicin polycarbonate mai wuyar gaske, wanda ba shi da yawa fiye da gilashi. Baya ga ingantaccen aikin injiniya, an cika ƙarin ka'idojin aminci [9].
Hanyar da ke cikin binciken da ke gaba ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi iri ɗaya, amma ta amfani da ƙarin ƙirƙira buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen tushe. Wannan yana ba da garanti mafi girma na 'yanci na geometric da yuwuwar ƙira, da kuma haɗin ayyukan jiki na ginin [10]. Irin waɗannan bangarori masu haɗaka sun tabbatar da tasiri musamman a gwajin injina [11] kuma sun yi alkawarin rage adadin gilashin da ake amfani da su har zuwa 80%. Wannan ba kawai zai rage albarkatun da ake buƙata ba, amma har ma da rage yawan nauyin nau'i na bangarori, ta haka ne ya kara yawan ingantaccen tsarin. Amma sababbin nau'ikan gini suna buƙatar sabbin nau'ikan samarwa. Ingantattun tsare-tsare suna buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafawa. Tsarin dijital yana ba da gudummawa ga masana'antar dijital. Wannan labarin ya ci gaba da binciken marubucin da ya gabata ta hanyar gabatar da bincike kan tsarin kera dijital na ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki don robobin masana'antu. An mayar da hankali kan digitizing fayil-zuwa-fayil na aiki na manyan samfurori na farko don haɓaka aikin sarrafa kayan aiki.
Rukunin hadaddiyar gilas (Hoto 1) ya ƙunshi faifan gilashin sirara guda biyu waɗanda aka naɗe a kusa da ainihin polymer AM. An haɗa sassan biyu tare da manne. Manufar wannan zane shine don rarraba kaya a kan dukan sashin da kyau sosai. Lokutan lanƙwasawa suna haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin harsashi. Ƙungiyoyin da ke gefe suna haifar da damuwa mai ƙarfi a cikin mahimmanci da haɗin gwiwa.
Tsarin waje na tsarin sanwici an yi shi da gilashin bakin ciki. A ka'ida, soda-lime silicate gilashin za a yi amfani da. Tare da kauri mai nisa <2 mm, tsarin zafin jiki na thermal ya kai iyakar fasaha na yanzu. Ƙarfafa gilashin aluminosilicate na sinadarai ana iya la'akari da dacewa musamman idan ana buƙatar ƙarfi mafi girma saboda ƙira (misali fanai masu naɗewa mai sanyi) ko amfani [12]. Ayyukan watsa haske da ayyukan kare muhalli za a cika su da kyawawan kaddarorin injina kamar kyakyawar juriya mai kyau da ingantacciyar ma'auni na matashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Saboda ƙayyadaddun girman da ke akwai don gilashin bakin ciki mai tauri, an yi amfani da fanalan gilashin soda-lemun tsami mai kauri mai kauri 3 mm don ƙirƙirar babban samfuri na farko.
Ana la'akari da tsarin tallafi a matsayin wani nau'i mai nau'i na nau'i mai nau'i. Kusan dukkan sifofi ya shafe su. Godiya ga hanyar masana'anta ƙari, kuma ita ce cibiyar ƙirar ƙirar dijital. Thermoplastics ana sarrafa su ta hanyar fusing. Wannan yana ba da damar yin amfani da adadi mai yawa na polymers daban-daban don takamaiman aikace-aikace. Za'a iya tsara tsarin topology na manyan abubuwa tare da girmamawa daban-daban dangane da aikin su. Don wannan dalili, ana iya raba ƙirar siffa zuwa nau'ikan ƙira guda huɗu masu zuwa: ƙirar tsari, ƙirar aiki, ƙirar kyan gani, da ƙirar samarwa. Kowane rukuni na iya samun dalilai daban-daban, wanda zai haifar da topologies daban-daban.
A lokacin binciken farko, an gwada wasu manyan ƙira don dacewar ƙirar su [11]. Daga ra'ayi na inji, mafi ƙarancin lokaci uku na gyroscope yana da tasiri musamman. Wannan yana ba da babban juriya na inji don lankwasawa a ƙarancin ƙarancin kayan amfani. Bugu da ƙari ga ainihin tsarin salula da aka sake samarwa a cikin yankuna na saman, topology kuma ana iya samar da shi ta wasu dabarun gano sifa. Ƙirƙirar layin damuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya inganta taurin kai a mafi ƙarancin nauyi mai yuwuwa [13]. Koyaya, tsarin saƙar zuma, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ginin sanwici, an yi amfani da shi azaman mafari don haɓaka layin samarwa. Wannan nau'i na asali yana haifar da saurin ci gaba a cikin samarwa, musamman ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kayan aiki mai sauƙi. An yi nazari sosai game da halayen sa a cikin bangarori masu haɗaka [14, 15, 16] kuma ana iya canza bayyanar ta hanyoyi da yawa ta hanyar daidaitawa kuma ana iya amfani da su don inganta haɓakawa na farko.
Akwai da yawa thermoplastic polymers yi la'akari lokacin zabar polymer, dangane da extrusion tsari amfani. Nazarin farko na farko na ƙananan kayan aiki sun rage adadin polymers da aka ɗauka sun dace da amfani a cikin facades [11]. Polycarbonate (PC) yana da alƙawarin saboda juriya na zafi, juriya na UV da tsayin daka. Saboda ƙarin fasaha da saka hannun jari na kuɗi da ake buƙata don aiwatar da polycarbonate, an yi amfani da ethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) don samar da samfuran farko. Yana da sauƙi musamman don aiwatarwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi tare da ƙarancin haɗarin zafi mai zafi da nakasar sassa. Samfurin da aka nuna anan an yi shi ne daga PETG da aka sake yin fa'ida da ake kira PIPG. An bushe kayan da farko a 60 ° C na akalla sa'o'i 4 kuma an sarrafa shi cikin granules tare da abun ciki na fiber gilashi na 20% [17].
Manne yana ba da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin tsarin tushen polymer da murfin gilashin bakin ciki. Lokacin da bangarori masu haɗaka suka kasance suna fuskantar nauyin lanƙwasa, haɗin gwiwar mannewa suna fuskantar damuwa mai ƙarfi. Saboda haka, an fi son manne mai tauri kuma yana iya rage karkacewa. Manne manne kuma yana taimakawa samar da ingantaccen gani lokacin da aka haɗa shi da share gilashi. Wani muhimmin mahimmanci lokacin zabar mannewa shine ƙirƙira da haɗin kai cikin ayyukan samarwa na atomatik. Anan UV curing adhesives tare da sassauƙan lokacin warkewa na iya sauƙaƙa madaidaicin matakan murfin. Dangane da gwaje-gwaje na farko, an gwada jerin abubuwan mannewa don dacewarsu don ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki [18]. Loctite® AA 3345™ UV curable acrylate [19] ya tabbatar da dacewa musamman don tsari mai zuwa.
Don cin gajiyar yuwuwar masana'antar ƙari da sassaucin gilashin bakin ciki, an tsara tsarin gabaɗayan don yin aiki na dijital da daidaitaccen tsari. Ana amfani da Grasshopper azaman hanyar sadarwa na shirye-shirye na gani, don guje wa mu'amala tsakanin shirye-shirye daban-daban. Duk nau'o'in (injiniya, injiniyanci da masana'antu) za su goyi bayan juna da kuma haɗa juna a cikin fayil ɗaya tare da amsa kai tsaye daga mai aiki. A wannan mataki na binciken, aikin yana ci gaba da ci gaba kuma yana bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2. Za'a iya haɗa maƙasudai daban-daban a cikin nau'i a cikin fannoni.
Kodayake samar da sandunan sanwici a cikin wannan takarda an yi amfani da su ta atomatik tare da ƙirar mai amfani da shirye-shiryen ƙira, haɗin kai da tabbatar da kayan aikin injiniya guda ɗaya ba a cika cika ba. Dangane da ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar facade, yana yiwuwa a tsara harsashi na waje na ginin a matakin macro (facade) da meso (facade panels). A mataki na biyu, madaidaicin ra'ayin injiniya yana nufin kimanta aminci da dacewa da kuma yuwuwar ƙirƙira bangon labule. A ƙarshe, sassan da aka samu suna shirye don samarwa na dijital. Shirin yana aiwatar da babban tsarin da aka haɓaka a cikin na'ura mai iya karanta lambar G-code kuma yana shirya shi don masana'anta na ƙari, ƙaddamarwa bayan sarrafawa da haɗin gilashi.
Ana la'akari da tsarin ƙira a matakai daban-daban guda biyu. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa siffar macro na facades yana rinjayar ilimin lissafi na kowane nau'i mai nau'i, topology na ainihin kanta kuma ana iya tsara shi a matakin meso. Lokacin amfani da samfurin facade na ma'auni, siffar da bayyanar za a iya rinjayar su ta hanyar sassan facade na misali ta yin amfani da zane-zane da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3. Don haka, jimillar farfajiyar ta ƙunshi ma'auni mai ma'auni mai amfani da aka ƙayyade wanda za'a iya lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da masu jan hankali da kuma gyara ta hanyar. Ƙayyade mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin matsayi na nakasawa. Wannan yana ba da babban matsayi na sassauci a cikin ƙirar ginin gine-gine. Koyaya, wannan matakin 'yanci yana iyakance ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun fasaha da masana'antu, waɗanda algorithms ke kunna su a ɓangaren injiniyan.
Bugu da ƙari, tsayi da nisa na dukan facade, an ƙaddara rarraba sassan facade. Dangane da facade facade, ana iya siffanta su daidai a matakin meso. Wannan yana rinjayar topology na ainihin tsarin kanta, da kuma kauri daga gilashin. Waɗannan sauye-sauye guda biyu, da kuma girman panel, suna da muhimmiyar alaƙa tare da ƙirar injiniyoyi. Za'a iya aiwatar da ƙira da haɓaka duk matakin macro da meso dangane da haɓakawa a cikin nau'ikan tsari guda huɗu na tsari, aiki, kayan kwalliya da ƙirar samfur. Masu amfani za su iya haɓaka kamannin ginin gabaɗaya da jin daɗin ginin ta hanyar ba wa waɗannan wuraren fifiko.
Sashin injiniya yana goyan bayan aikin ta hanyar amfani da madaidaicin ra'ayi. Don wannan karshen, an bayyana maƙasudai da yanayin iyaka a cikin nau'in haɓakawa da aka nuna a cikin siffa 2. Suna samar da hanyoyin da za su iya yiwuwa a fasaha, jiki, da aminci don ginawa daga ra'ayi na injiniya, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ƙira. Wannan shine wurin farawa don kayan aikin daban-daban waɗanda za'a iya haɗa kai tsaye cikin Grasshopper. A cikin ƙarin bincike, ana iya ƙididdige kaddarorin injina ta amfani da Ƙarfin Element Analysis (FEM) ko ma ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga.
Bugu da ƙari, nazarin hasken rana, nazarin layi na gani, da ƙirar tsawon lokacin hasken rana na iya kimanta tasirin abubuwan haɗin gwiwar ginin kimiyyar lissafi. Yana da mahimmanci kada a wuce iyaka da sauri, inganci da sassauci na tsarin ƙira. Don haka, an tsara sakamakon da aka samu a nan don samar da ƙarin jagora da goyan baya ga tsarin ƙira kuma ba madadin cikakken bincike da hujja ba a ƙarshen tsarin ƙira. Wannan dabarar tsare-tsare yana kafa ginshiƙi don ƙarin bincike mai ƙima don ingantaccen sakamako. Misali, har yanzu ba a san kaɗan ba game da halayen injinan haɗaɗɗun bangarori a ƙarƙashin nau'i daban-daban da yanayin tallafi.
Da zarar zane da aikin injiniya sun cika, samfurin yana shirye don samar da dijital. An rarraba tsarin masana'antu zuwa ƙananan matakai hudu (Fig. 4). Da farko, an ƙirƙira babban tsarin da ƙari ta amfani da babban kayan aikin bugu na 3D na mutum-mutumi. Sannan ana niƙa saman ta amfani da tsarin mutum-mutumi iri ɗaya don haɓaka ingancin saman da ake buƙata don haɗin gwiwa mai kyau. Bayan an yi niƙa, ana amfani da mannen tare da ainihin tsarin ta amfani da tsarin da aka ƙera na musamman wanda aka ɗora akan tsarin mutum-mutumi da ake amfani da shi don aikin bugu da niƙa. A ƙarshe, an shigar da gilashin kuma an shimfiɗa shi kafin maganin UV na haɗin gwiwa.
Don ƙarin masana'anta, ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayin tsarin dole ne a fassara shi zuwa yaren injin CNC (GCode). Don sakamako iri ɗaya da inganci, makasudin shine a buga kowane Layer ba tare da bututun fitar da iska ya fado ba. Wannan yana hana wuce gona da iri a farkon da ƙarshen motsi. Don haka, an rubuta rubutun tsararru mai ci gaba don tsarin tantanin halitta da ake amfani da shi. Wannan zai haifar da madaidaiciyar polyline mai ci gaba tare da farkon farawa da ƙarshen maki iri ɗaya, wanda ya dace da girman panel ɗin da aka zaɓa, lamba da girman saƙar zuma kamar yadda aka tsara. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya ƙayyade sigogi kamar faɗin layi da tsayin layi kafin shimfida layin don cimma tsayin da ake so na babban tsarin. Mataki na gaba a cikin rubutun shine rubuta umarnin G-code.
Ana yin wannan ta hanyar yin rikodin daidaitawar kowane batu akan layi tare da ƙarin bayanan injin kamar sauran gatari masu dacewa don sakawa da sarrafa ƙarar extrusion. Sakamakon G-code za'a iya canza shi zuwa injin samarwa. A cikin wannan misalin, ana amfani da hannun robot masana'antu na Comau NJ165 akan layin dogo na layi don sarrafa mai fitar da CEAD E25 bisa ga G-code (Hoto 5). Nau'in farko da aka yi amfani da PETG bayan masana'antu tare da abun ciki na fiber gilashin 20%. Dangane da gwajin injina, girman maƙasudin yana kusa da girman masana'antar gine-gine, don haka girman babban nau'in shine 1983 × 876 mm tare da ƙwayoyin saƙar zuma 6 × 4. 6 mm da 2 mm tsayi.
Gwaje-gwaje na farko sun nuna cewa akwai bambanci a ƙarfin mannewa tsakanin manne da guduro bugu na 3D dangane da abubuwan da ke saman sa. Don yin wannan, samfuran gwajin masana'anta suna manne ko a likafta su a gilashi kuma ana fuskantar tashin hankali ko tsage. A lokacin aikin injiniya na farko na farfajiyar polymer ta hanyar milling, ƙarfin ya karu sosai (Fig. 6). Bugu da kari, yana inganta lebur na ainihin kuma yana hana lahani da ke haifar da wuce gona da iri. UV mai curable LOCTITE® AA 3345™ [19] acrylate da aka yi amfani da shi anan yana da kula da yanayin sarrafawa.
Wannan sau da yawa yana haifar da mafi girman daidaitattun sabawa don samfuran gwajin haɗin gwiwa. Bayan masana'anta ƙari, an niƙa ainihin tsarin a kan injin milling na bayanin martaba. Lambar G da ake buƙata don wannan aiki ana samar da ita ta atomatik daga hanyoyin kayan aiki da aka riga aka ƙirƙira don aikin bugu na 3D. Tsarin ainihin yana buƙatar buga dan kadan sama da tsayin ainihin da aka nufa. A cikin wannan misalin, an rage tsarin tushen kauri na mm 18 zuwa mm 14.
Wannan ɓangaren tsarin masana'antu babban ƙalubale ne ga cikakken aiki da kai. Amfani da adhesives yana sanya manyan buƙatu akan daidaito da daidaiton injuna. Ana amfani da tsarin maganin huhu don amfani da manne tare da ainihin tsarin. Robot ne ke jagorantar shi tare da saman niƙa daidai da ƙayyadadden hanyar kayan aiki. Ya bayyana cewa maye gurbin titin rarraba na gargajiya da goga yana da fa'ida musamman. Wannan yana ba da damar ƙananan mannen danko don a ba da su daidai ta hanyar ƙara. An ƙayyade wannan adadin ta matsa lamba a cikin tsarin da kuma saurin robot. Don mafi girman daidaito da ingancin haɗin kai, ƙananan saurin tafiya na 200 zuwa 800 mm/min an fi so.
Acrylate tare da matsakaita danko na 1500 mPa * s an yi amfani da bangon polymer core 6 mm wide ta amfani da goga na dosing tare da diamita na ciki na 0.84 mm da faɗin goga na 5 a matsa lamba na 0.3 zuwa 0.6 mbar. mm. Daga nan sai a baje abin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan saman ma'auni kuma ya samar da kauri na 1 mm saboda tashin hankali. Har yanzu ba za a iya sarrafa ainihin ƙayyadaddun kauri na mannewa ba. Tsawon lokacin tsari shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci don zaɓar manne. Babban tsarin da aka samar anan yana da tsawon waƙa na 26 m don haka lokacin aikace-aikacen na mintuna 30 zuwa 60.
Bayan amfani da manne, shigar da taga mai kyalli biyu a wurin. Saboda ƙarancin kauri na kayan, gilashin bakin ciki ya riga ya lalace da ƙarfi ta nauyinsa kuma dole ne a sanya shi daidai gwargwadon iko. Don wannan, ana amfani da kofuna na tsotsa gilashin pneumatic tare da kofuna na tsotsa lokaci-lokaci. Ana sanya shi akan sashin ta amfani da crane, kuma a nan gaba ana iya sanya shi kai tsaye ta amfani da mutummutumi. An sanya farantin gilashin a layi daya zuwa saman ainihin a kan manne. Saboda ƙananan nauyi, ƙarin farantin gilashin (4 zuwa 6 mm lokacin farin ciki) yana ƙara matsa lamba akan shi.
Sakamakon ya kamata ya zama cikakken jika na gilashin gilashi tare da ainihin tsarin, kamar yadda za'a iya yin hukunci daga binciken farko na gani na bambance-bambancen launi. Tsarin aikace-aikacen kuma na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ingancin haɗin haɗin gwiwa na ƙarshe. Da zarar an haɗa su, ba dole ba ne a motsa sassan gilashin saboda wannan zai haifar da raƙuman mannewa a bayyane akan gilashin da lahani a cikin ainihin mannen Layer. A ƙarshe, an warke manne da UV radiation a tsawon 365 nm. Don yin wannan, fitilar UV tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin 6 mW / cm2 yana wucewa a hankali a kan dukkan saman mannewa na 60s.
Manufar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan gilashin bakin ciki mai sauƙi tare da ƙarin ƙirƙira ƙirar polymer da aka tattauna anan an yi niyya don amfani a facade na gaba. Don haka, ginshiƙan haɗin gwiwar dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin da suka dace kuma su cika buƙatun jihohin iyakokin sabis (SLS), iyakar iyakar ƙarfin ƙarshe (ULS) da buƙatun aminci. Don haka, fafutuka masu haɗaka dole ne su kasance lafiyayye, ƙarfi, da ƙaƙƙarfan isa don jure kaya (kamar lodin saman) ba tare da karye ko nakasar da ta wuce kima ba. Don bincika martanin injina na ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki da aka ƙirƙira a baya (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sashin Gwajin Injini), an yi musu gwajin lodin iska kamar yadda aka bayyana a sashe na gaba.
Manufar gwaji ta jiki shine don nazarin kayan aikin injiniya na bangarori masu haɗaka na bangon waje a ƙarƙashin nauyin iska. Don wannan ƙarshen, an ƙirƙira fa'idodin haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 14 (daga PIPG-GF20). )). . Sa'an nan kuma an haɗa nau'o'in nau'i-nau'i a kan katako na goyon bayan katako tare da ƙullun ƙarfe waɗanda aka kora ta cikin katako na katako kuma a cikin sassan babban tsarin. An sanya sukurori 30 a kusa da kewayen panel (duba layin baƙar fata a gefen hagu a cikin siffa 7) don sake haifar da yanayin goyan bayan layi a kusa da kewaye kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Daga nan aka rufe firam ɗin gwajin zuwa bangon gwajin waje ta hanyar yin amfani da matsa lamba na iska ko tsotsawar iska a bayan rukunin rukunin (Hoto na 7, saman dama). Ana amfani da tsarin daidaitawa na dijital (DIC) don yin rikodin bayanai. Don yin wannan, an rufe gilashin waje na panel ɗin da aka haɗa tare da takarda mai laushi na bakin ciki da aka buga akan shi tare da ƙirar sautin pearline (Fig. 7, kasa dama). DIC tana amfani da kyamarori biyu don yin rikodin matsayi na dangi na duk maki a kan gabaɗayan saman gilashin. An yi rikodin hotuna biyu a cikin daƙiƙa kuma an yi amfani da su don kimantawa. Matsin da ke cikin ɗakin, wanda ke kewaye da bangarori masu haɗaka, yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar fan a cikin 1000 Pa increments har zuwa matsakaicin darajar 4000 Pa, ta yadda kowane nauyin nauyin yana kiyayewa na 10 seconds.
Saitin jiki na gwajin kuma ana wakilta shi da ƙirar ƙididdigewa tare da ma'auni iri ɗaya. Don wannan, ana amfani da shirin lamba Ansys Mechanical. Babban tsarin ya kasance raga na geometric ta amfani da SOLID 185 abubuwa hexagonal tare da ɓangarorin mm 20 don gilashi da abubuwan tetrahedral SOLID 187 tare da bangarorin 3 mm. Don sauƙaƙe ƙirar ƙira, a wannan mataki na binciken, ana ɗauka a nan cewa acrylate da aka yi amfani da shi yana da kyau da ƙarfi da bakin ciki, kuma an ayyana shi azaman ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gilashin da ainihin kayan.
Ana yin gyaran gyare-gyaren da aka haɗa a cikin madaidaiciyar layi a waje da ainihin, kuma gilashin gilashi yana ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyin nauyin 4000 Pa. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da abubuwan da ba daidai ba na geometric a cikin ƙirar ƙira, kawai an yi amfani da samfurin kayan aiki kawai a wannan mataki na karatu. Kodayake wannan ingantacciyar zato ce don amsawar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar gilashin (E = 70,000 MPa), bisa ga takaddar bayanan masana'anta na (viscoelastic) polymeric core material [17], an yi amfani da taurin linzamin E = 8245 MPa a cikin Binciken na yanzu ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi sosai kuma za a yi nazari a cikin bincike na gaba.
Ana kimanta sakamakon da aka gabatar a nan musamman don nakasawa a matsakaicin nauyin iska har zuwa 4000 Pa (= ˆ4kN/m2). Don wannan, an kwatanta hotunan da aka rubuta ta hanyar DIC tare da sakamakon ƙididdiga na lambobi (FEM) (Fig. 8, ƙasa dama). Duk da yake ana ƙididdige madaidaicin jimlar nau'in 0 mm tare da "madaidaicin" goyan bayan layin layi a cikin yanki na gefen (watau kewayen panel) a cikin FEM, ƙaura ta zahiri na yankin gefen dole ne a yi la'akari da lokacin da ake kimanta DIC. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haƙurin shigarwa da nakasar firam ɗin gwajin da hatiminsa. Don kwatanta, matsakaicin matsawa a cikin yanki na gefen (layin farin da aka lalata a cikin siffa 8) an cire shi daga matsakaicin matsawa a tsakiyar kwamitin. Matsalolin da DIC da FEA suka ƙaddara an kwatanta su a cikin Tebur 1 kuma an nuna su a hoto a kusurwar hagu na sama na siffa 8.
An yi amfani da matakan nauyin nauyin nau'i hudu na samfurin gwaji a matsayin wuraren sarrafawa don kimantawa da kimantawa a cikin FEM. Matsakaicin matsawa na tsakiya na farantin haɗin gwiwa a cikin jihar da aka sauke an ƙaddara ta hanyar ma'aunin DIC a matakin nauyi na 4000 Pa a 2.18 mm. Yayin da sauye-sauyen FEA a ƙananan kaya (har zuwa 2000 Pa) na iya har yanzu sake haifar da ƙimar gwaji daidai, haɓakar da ba na layi ba a cikin nau'i a manyan kaya ba za a iya ƙididdige shi daidai ba.
Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa bangarori masu haɗaka zasu iya jure matsanancin nauyin iska. Babban tsauri na bangarori masu nauyi ya fito musamman. Yin amfani da ƙididdige ƙididdiga bisa ka'idar madaidaiciyar faranti na Kirchhoff [20], nakasar 2.18 mm a 4000 Pa yayi daidai da nakasar farantin gilashi ɗaya mai kauri 12 mm a ƙarƙashin yanayin iyaka iri ɗaya. A sakamakon haka, kauri daga cikin gilashin (wanda yake da makamashi mai ƙarfi a cikin samarwa) a cikin wannan haɗin gwiwar za a iya rage shi zuwa gilashin 2 x 3mm, yana haifar da ajiyar kayan abu na 50%. Rage ma'aunin nauyi na gaba ɗaya yana ba da ƙarin fa'idodi dangane da taro. Yayin da mutum biyu za su iya sarrafa nauyin nauyin kilogiram 30 cikin sauƙi, gilashin gilashin kilogiram 50 na gargajiya yana buƙatar goyon bayan fasaha don motsawa cikin aminci. Domin wakiltar ainihin halayen injina, za a buƙaci ƙarin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga a cikin karatun gaba. Za'a iya ƙara haɓaka nazarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin da ba na kan layi ba don polymers da ƙirar haɗin gwiwa.
Haɓakawa da haɓaka hanyoyin dijital suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin masana'antar gini. Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da gilashin bakin ciki a cikin facades yayi alƙawarin makamashi da tanadin albarkatu kuma yana buɗe sabon damar don gine-gine. Koyaya, saboda ƙaramin kauri na gilashin, ana buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin ƙirar ƙira don ƙarfafa gilashin daidai. Sabili da haka, binciken da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin ya bincika manufar haɗakarwar bangarori da aka yi daga gilashin bakin ciki da kuma haɗakar da 3D da aka buga na asali na polymer. Dukkanin tsarin samarwa daga ƙira zuwa samarwa an ƙirƙira su da sarrafawa ta atomatik. Tare da taimakon Grasshopper, an haɓaka aikin aiki na fayil-zuwa masana'anta don ba da damar yin amfani da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin bakin ciki a cikin facade na gaba.
Samar da samfur na farko ya nuna yuwuwar da ƙalubalen masana'antar mutum-mutumi. Duk da yake an riga an haɗa masana'anta da ƙari da ragi, cikakken aikace-aikacen mannewa mai sarrafa kansa da haɗuwa musamman suna gabatar da ƙarin ƙalubalen da za a magance a cikin bincike na gaba. Ta hanyar gwajin injina na farko da ƙirar ƙira mai ƙarancin ƙima, an nuna cewa fale-falen fiberglass masu nauyi da sirara suna ba da isassun ƙugiya don aikace-aikacen facade ɗin da suka yi niyya, ko da ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayin iska. Binciken da marubutan ke ci gaba da yi zai ƙara bincika yuwuwar rarrabuwar ɓangarorin ɓangarorin gilashin sirara na dijital don aikace-aikacen facade da kuma nuna tasirinsu.
Marubutan suna son gode wa duk masu goyon bayan da ke da alaƙa da wannan aikin bincike. Godiya ga shirin tallafin EFRE SAB da aka samu daga asusun Tarayyar Turai a cikin nau'in tallafi na No. don samar da albarkatun kuɗi don siyan ma'aikaci tare da na'urar cirewa da niƙa. 100537005. Bugu da ƙari, AiF-ZIM an gane shi don tallafawa aikin bincike na Glasfur3D (lambar kyauta ZF4123725WZ9) tare da haɗin gwiwar Glaswerkstätten Glas Ahne, wanda ya ba da tallafi mai mahimmanci ga wannan aikin bincike. A ƙarshe, dakin gwaje-gwaje na Friedrich Siemens da masu haɗin gwiwarsa, musamman Felix Hegewald da mataimakin dalibi Jonathan Holzerr, sun yarda da goyon bayan fasaha da aiwatar da ƙirƙira da gwajin jiki wanda ya kafa tushen wannan takarda.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-04-2023